Wadada Leo Smith

An adventurous trumpeter, Wadada Leo Smith is one of the most innovative composers and musical theorists to emerge from the 1960s jazz vanguard. His systemic musical language Ankhrasmation began development in 1965 and has informed each project since. During the '70s Smith showcased it on self-issued recordings from his <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Kabell%22">Kabell</a> label, including 1972's Creative Music -- 1 (Six Solo Improvisations) and 1975's Reflectativity, and on 1978's Divine Love and 1993's Kulture Jazz, both on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22ECM%22">ECM</a>. Smith released acclaimed recordings for <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Tzadik%22">Tzadik</a> during the 1990s including Tao-Njia and Red Sulphur Sky. In 2000, <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Tzadik%22">Tzadik</a> released his Golden Quartet debut. In 2012, Smith recorded Ten Freedom Summers, an oratorio on the Civil Rights Era. It was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. Finland's Tum has also issued topically themed recordings including 2014's Great Lakes Suite. 2016 saw the release of the long-form work America's National Parks, which won a Doris Duke prize. In 2019, Smith's Rosa Parks: Pure Love, An Oratorio of Seven Songs debuted in New York City. In 2021, Tum issued six recordings to commemorate his 80th birthday including the boxed sets, Sacred Ceremonies (trio), Trumpet (solo), and The Chicago Symphonies (quartet). They concluded the celebration with two more boxed collections in June 2022: Emerald Duets and String Quartets Nos. 1-12.

Ishmael Leo Smith was born in Leland, Mississippi in 1941. His musical life began in high school, where he played in concert and marching bands. He played French horn, drums, and mellophone before moving on to trumpet. His formal musical education is credited to his stepfather Alex Wallace, the U.S. Military Band program (1963), and the Sherwood School of Music (1967 to 1969). He began playing in R&B combos in the early '60s and in Army bands before becoming an early member of Chicago's AACM (Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians).

He began to research and design the abstract musical language Ankhrasmation in 1965. The first recorded appearance of that system appeared on "The Bell" on <a href="spotify:artist:3UXq4fckDmcPmleixlrl6i">Anthony Braxton</a>'s debut album 3 Compositions of New Jazz. In 1972, Smith founded the <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Kabell%22">Kabell</a> label to release his recordings. His first solo album, Creative Music -- 1 appeared on the label in 1972.

He also co-founded the avant-improvisational group Creative Construction Company with violinist <a href="spotify:artist:6TcSQ5lbm3OExwqwqauFK3">Leroy Jenkins</a> and <a href="spotify:artist:3UXq4fckDmcPmleixlrl6i">Anthony Braxton</a>, which toured Europe during the late '60s. They recorded Silence, a 1974 trio album for <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Freedom+Records%22">Freedom Records</a>, and a self-titled offering in 1975, recorded while Smith was studying ethnomusicology at Wesleyan University. The recording supervisor for the date was <a href="spotify:artist:47odibUtrN3lnWx0p0pk2P">Ornette Coleman</a>.

In 1973, Kiom Press published Notes (8 Pieces) Source a New World Music: Creative Music, the initial volume of Smith's essays on music. During his Wesleyan studies, Smith also taught at the University of New Haven. While there, he formed the New Dalta Ahkri, an under-documented band whose revolving membership included <a href="spotify:artist:0bSP8obSwEpc8XEOE7qc63">Henry Threadgill</a>, <a href="spotify:artist:6Xktfsmu8Tlg3071prbJej">Davis</a>, and <a href="spotify:artist:3y58dknRdBENZ8oVErWu9B">Oliver Lake</a>. They recorded two albums for <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Kabell%22">Kabell</a>, 1975's Reflectativity and 1977's Song of Humanity (Kanta Pri Homoro). He also recorded in the Creative Improvisation Ensemble with <a href="spotify:artist:5OKhN5AURco1pBqba3CbnS">Marion Brown</a> in 1975 (and played on the seminal Geechee Recollections). After leaving Wesleyan, Smith played with <a href="spotify:artist:3UXq4fckDmcPmleixlrl6i">Braxton</a> in 1976, and recorded with <a href="spotify:artist:0NiVnzdZVyaHThgTofobW2">Derek Bailey</a>'s <a href="spotify:artist:0K5MG1lKHRcfIxR71foMCn">Company</a>. He released Spirit Catcher under his own name on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Nessa+Records%22">Nessa Records</a> in 1979. That same year he signed a non-exclusive deal with <a href="spotify:artist:4NXTfrH5HwadrU4S5QvwZN">Manfred Eicher</a>'s <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22ECM%22">ECM</a> label, which released the widely acclaimed Divine Love.

During the 1980s, Smith worked extensively in Europe, playing and recording with bassist <a href="spotify:artist:3rvehwC8q4z7YG39y1Dhvk">Peter Kowald</a> and percussionist <a href="spotify:artist:6e2VGYXx8zwjM6BwRP2Uii">Günter Sommer</a>. Together they released Touch the Earth (1980) and If You Want the Kernels, You Have to Break the Shells (1982) for Germany's <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22FMP%22">FMP</a> label. Smith had taken up playing the mbira (an African thumb piano) and added it to his instrumental arsenal with some regularity from that point forward. With <a href="spotify:artist:6e2VGYXx8zwjM6BwRP2Uii">Sommer</a> and <a href="spotify:artist:3rvehwC8q4z7YG39y1Dhvk">Kowald</a>, he also recorded Human Rights in 1986, co-released by <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Kabell%22">Kabell</a>/<a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Gramm%22">Gramm</a>. About this time, he became a Rastafarian and changed his name to Wadada Leo Smith. In 1987, he began teaching at Bard College.

In 1989, Smith cut Procession of the Great Ancestry under his own name on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Chief+Records%22">Chief Records</a>, and Interludes of Breath and Substance with composer and pianist <a href="spotify:artist:5UW0YBPxvu17zg22CBXv3g">Matthew Goodheart</a>. In 1992, Smith and Japanese percussionist Yoshisaburo Toyozumi released Cosmos Has Spirit on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Scissors+Records%22">Scissors Records</a>. The following year he left Bard to teach at Cal Arts' <a href="spotify:artist:1PqdKx88nAgPolRy079lMl">Herb Alpert</a> School of Music. He issued his second <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22ECM%22">ECM</a> date, the acclaimed, completely solo Kulture Jazz, on which he played a variety of instruments. In 1995, his "Odwira" for 12 multi-ensembles (featuring 52 musicians) was performed at Cal Arts. He began his long and fruitful association with <a href="spotify:artist:3gkJ7lXtLpE4KauFHpk2vK">John Zorn</a>'s <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Tzadik%22">Tzadik</a> imprint in 1996 with the release of Tao-Njia; his Noh composition work, "Heart's Reflections," was first performed by a large group at Merkin Concert Hall the same year.

Smith began recording prolifically for a number of labels, all the while teaching, touring, and writing scores for his three prevalent ensembles -- <a href="spotify:artist:0nC1wIvD7asw01RA9btcZU">Golden Quartet</a>, Silver Orchestra, and Organic -- as well as performing solo work. In 1997 he issued the little-known trio date Prataksis with <a href="spotify:artist:4CFxdIh8rpqMy5fDOzEd0s">Vinny Golia</a> and <a href="spotify:artist:1oFKJVW8oLpqVhyL6V5bFB">Bertram Turetzky</a> on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Ninewinds%22">Ninewinds</a>, and in 1998 he began his association with guitarist <a href="spotify:artist:3JgykWJiK9U8B4gfoWdDMb">Henry Kaiser</a> in an ad hoc band called Yo Miles!, an electric avant jazz-funk ensemble devoted to the work and inspirational example of <a href="spotify:artist:0kbYTNQb4Pb1rPbbaF0pT4">Miles Davis</a>' electric period. They released their self-titled debut that year. Also in 1998, Condor, Autumn Wind was issued in collaboration with his wife, poet Harumi Makino Smith. In 1999, Light Upon Light was released by <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Tzadik%22">Tzadik</a>, and his first album of contemporary classical music, Southwest Chamber Music, arrived on the <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Cambria%22">Cambria</a> label.

At the turn of the century, Smith issued two albums for <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Tzadik%22">Tzadik</a>: Reflectativity, with <a href="spotify:artist:61PWHhH3u6NuQFmeST5KDr">Anthony Davis</a> and <a href="spotify:artist:4KVvg69UiiDqfal5jOS9Ac">Malachi Favors Mogoustous</a>, and the debut offering from <a href="spotify:artist:0nC1wIvD7asw01RA9btcZU">the Golden Quartet</a> with drummer <a href="spotify:artist:7rDjbKTLlpNYJRWMm7QVxU">Jack DeJohnette</a> added to the lineup. During this decade, various classical and new music ensembles began to perform Smith's work, including <a href="spotify:artist:0M6xcJTswOl2qvExCJhiS3">the Kronos Quartet</a>, <a href="spotify:artist:4LloDecE8PJBimIhJFlXXa">the California EAR Unit</a>, the New York New Music Ensemble, the AACM Orchestra, and ne(x)tworks. He reunited with <a href="spotify:artist:3UXq4fckDmcPmleixlrl6i">Braxton</a> for two albums on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Pi+Recordings%22">Pi Recordings</a>: Organic Resonance and Saturn, Conjunct the Grand Canyon in a Sweet Embrace in 2003 and 2004; the latter year was especially productive. The second set from Yo Miles!, Yo Miles: Sky Garden, appeared in 2004, as did Lake Biwa on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Tzadik%22">Tzadik</a>. He participated in electronica unit <a href="spotify:artist:7kKjgMa8afudFmPOu2KHEe">Spring Heel Jack</a>'s jazz experiment The Sweetness of the Water for <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Thirsty+Ear%22">Thirsty Ear</a>, and in <a href="spotify:artist:3gkJ7lXtLpE4KauFHpk2vK">John Zorn</a>'s month-long 50th birthday concert series/celebration with saxophonist and drummer <a href="spotify:artist:1Ub2G3ThYqXfRGFI0XSakJ">Susie Ibarra</a>. <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Tzadik%22">Tzadik</a> issued a gorgeous, lushly illustrated retrospective box set entitled The Kabell Years, 1971-1979, documenting the output from Smith's label.

Smith issued three recordings in 2005. First was Snakish on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Leo+Records%22">Leo Records</a>, with Walter and Katya Quintus, <a href="spotify:artist:1mHDPTlzFvD5Mhw2VZcNOS">Miroslav Tadic</a>, and <a href="spotify:artist:6SQsd6xpvo1Ho9gYdQa1PL">Mark Nauseef</a>; this was followed by the second Yo Miles! recording, Upriver -- cut during the same sessions as the previous year's Sky Garden) -- and the collaborative album Dreams & Secrets, which paired a Smith/<a href="spotify:artist:3JgykWJiK9U8B4gfoWdDMb">Kaiser</a> unit called N'Da Kulture with African vocalist <a href="spotify:artist:6ftJ9PyIHx87fVVh4toFIv">Thomas Mapfumo & the Blacks Unlimited</a>. In 2006, Smith oversaw the first performance of his work "Tabligh" for double ensemble performed by <a href="spotify:artist:0nC1wIvD7asw01RA9btcZU">the Golden Quartet & Classical Persian Ensemble</a> at Merkin Concert Hall. He also collaborated with <a href="spotify:artist:6YVERouhMxYJ18ZgeUJbRQ">Adam Rudolph</a> on the album Compassion (co-released by <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Kabell%22">Kabell</a> and <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Meta%22">Meta</a>). "Tabligh" was performed again at the Aklbank Music Festival by <a href="spotify:artist:0nC1wIvD7asw01RA9btcZU">the Golden Quartet</a> and <a href="spotify:artist:0HpFsCxk1wv6CuW1Buql19">Suleyman Erguner</a>'s classical Turkish ensemble. In 2008, it finally appeared on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Cuneiform%22">Cuneiform</a> in 2008. <a href="spotify:artist:7xSbOZgEIetovzeJ5EcdTh">The Golden Quartet</a>'s lineup included pianist <a href="spotify:artist:27DeRe5LjIt9ZPXUjF90h6">Vijay Iyer</a>, bassist <a href="spotify:artist:6AMTZmkXckQ2KIr5ar4IbI">John Lindberg</a>, and drummer <a href="spotify:artist:3hVAYqhNVDcaL5iXDOSJAo">Ronald Shannon Jackson</a>. A documentary film about the band was released that year entitled Freedom Now, directed by Jacques Goldstein, and made available on DVD.

Smith saw reissues of various recordings for <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Nessa%22">Nessa</a> and <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22ECM%22">ECM</a> in 2008 and 2009, and released two important new recordings. The first was the widely acclaimed Spiritual Dimensions for <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Cuneiform%22">Cuneiform</a> in 2009. A double-disc, it featured Smith in both quintet and nonet settings amid a stellar cast of players including members of <a href="spotify:artist:0nC1wIvD7asw01RA9btcZU">the Golden Quartet</a> and guitarists Brandon Ross and <a href="spotify:artist:3s6o8vxtYJ1utkWl8EXxUp">Nels Cline</a>. The second album was a duet recording with <a href="spotify:artist:7rDjbKTLlpNYJRWMm7QVxU">DeJohnette</a> entitled America on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Tzadik%22">Tzadik</a>. It included the composition "The Blue Mountain Sun Drummer (For <a href="spotify:artist:6OyNnPUKtNrjm5QQkK0Px9">Ed Blackwell</a>)" that inspired a 2010 album of the same name on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Kabell%22">Kabell</a>. This latter disc offered a live performance of <a href="spotify:artist:6OyNnPUKtNrjm5QQkK0Px9">Blackwell</a> and the trumpeter from October 1986 at Brandeis University.

Smith began the second decade of the new century with the double-disc Heart's Reflections (<a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Cuneiform%22">Cuneiform</a>) by his Organic band. The album does not feature his composition of the same name from 1995, but instead includes all-new material performed by a large group whose playing ranges from electric and avant to funky jazz and systematically improvised encounters. Smith created a new trio called Mbira in 2011, featuring drummer <a href="spotify:artist:0xXCz3o5ZJ2Z9jdAoGxRxO">Pheeroan akLaff</a> and <a href="spotify:artist:7cq68kwWhVASWHBr5OPlkV">Min Xiao-Fen</a> on pipa and voice (Smith plays trumpet and flügelhorn -- there is no mbira on the album). Their debut recording, Dark Lady of the Sonnets, appeared in early 2012. Later that year, Smith also released his four-disc Civil Rights opus, the oratorio Ten Freedom Summers on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Cuneiform%22">Cuneiform</a>, and a duet recording with drummer <a href="spotify:artist:0YOcIbXUKMwxLXVJ1DlJbH">Louis Moholo-Moholo</a> entitled Ancestors. In the summer of 2013, in addition to touring Ten Freedom Summers at jazz festivals across the U.S. and Europe (it also received a Pulitzer Prize nomination), he released Occupy the World, a collaborative recording with bassist <a href="spotify:artist:6AMTZmkXckQ2KIr5ar4IbI">John Lindberg</a> and the big band <a href="spotify:artist:4pQyQrLbdgZTddvFxRjWXT">Tumo</a>. In 2013, Smith recorded a collaborative effort with <a href="spotify:artist:7mleIOAroBQWqO7SNrAUlt">George Lewis</a> on trombone and <a href="spotify:artist:3gkJ7lXtLpE4KauFHpk2vK">John Zorn</a> on sax; titled Sonic Rivers, the album was released by <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Tzadik%22">Tzadik</a> in mid-2014, and featured original visual artwork from Smith. He followed this with another major new compositional work on Tum entitled Great Lakes Suites in mid-September, leading a quartet that included <a href="spotify:artist:6AMTZmkXckQ2KIr5ar4IbI">Lindberg</a>, <a href="spotify:artist:7rDjbKTLlpNYJRWMm7QVxU">Jack DeJohnette</a>, and <a href="spotify:artist:0bSP8obSwEpc8XEOE7qc63">Henry Threadgill</a>. Smith also played trumpet in an improvisational quartet with keyboardist <a href="spotify:artist:7wm1h5i4ackDo9yhGUGuqv">Jamie Saft</a>, bassist Joe Morris, and drummer <a href="spotify:artist:6tUOWZQac2sOT5Yb77pOxc">Balazs Pandi</a>. Their debut offering, Red Hill, was issued on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Rare+Noise%22">Rare Noise</a> later that month.

In 2015, in the midst of concerts for Ten Freedom Summers and Great Lakes Suites, Smith recorded Celestial Weather, a duo album with <a href="spotify:artist:6AMTZmkXckQ2KIr5ar4IbI">Lindberg</a> comprising three suites on Tum. In March 2016, Smith made his first appearance on <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22ECM%22">ECM</a> since 1993 in a duo collaboration with pianist <a href="spotify:artist:27DeRe5LjIt9ZPXUjF90h6">Vijay Iyer</a> on A Cosmic Rhythm with Each Stroke. In May, he received a Doris Duke Artist Award. His Ankhrasmation scores were exhibited at the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles and lauded with a 2016 Mohn Award. Nessuno, a collaborative release with <a href="spotify:artist:27RypxD9VhgrvCg9QePTLi">Pauline Oliveros</a>, <a href="spotify:artist:6DR6ugRdVaVi7lyqooqJov">Roscoe Mitchell</a>, and <a href="spotify:artist:0lrrAVmT5y0hdM9XLDrZSv">John Tilbury</a> was issued by <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22ReR%22">ReR</a> in July. August marked the centennial anniversary of the Organic Act that created the National Parks Service in the United States. Smith composed another long-form work in celebration. Entitled America's National Parks, the work was performed by his Golden Quintet featuring the bandleader in the company of pianist <a href="spotify:artist:61PWHhH3u6NuQFmeST5KDr">Anthony Davis</a>, bassist <a href="spotify:artist:6AMTZmkXckQ2KIr5ar4IbI">John Lindberg</a>, <a href="spotify:artist:0xXCz3o5ZJ2Z9jdAoGxRxO">Pheeroan akLaff</a>, and cellist Ashley Walters; the massive work was recorded in a single day. <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22Cuneiform%22">Cuneiform</a> issued America's National Parks in its 90-plus-minute entirety in October 2016.

In October 2017, Smith issued two albums with Tum that were released the same day: Solo Reflections and Meditations on Monk. It included readings of four <a href="spotify:artist:4PDpGtF16XpqvXxsrFwQnN">Thelonious Monk</a> compositions and four original works inspired by the legendary pianist/composer. The electric Najwa also appeared; its band included bassist <a href="spotify:artist:5RISqKCcrhGITX2TQAPGPL">Bill Laswell</a>, drummer <a href="spotify:artist:0xXCz3o5ZJ2Z9jdAoGxRxO">Pheeroan akLaff</a>, percussionist <a href="spotify:artist:6YVERouhMxYJ18ZgeUJbRQ">Adam Rudolph</a>, and electric guitarists <a href="spotify:artist:3JgykWJiK9U8B4gfoWdDMb">Kaiser</a>, Brandon Ross, and Lamar Smith. The following year saw Smith issue a pair of duo recordings for Tum: Celestial Weather a duo outing with longtime bassist <a href="spotify:artist:6AMTZmkXckQ2KIr5ar4IbI">Lindberg</a>, and Ancestors with drummer <a href="spotify:artist:0YOcIbXUKMwxLXVJ1DlJbH">Louis Moholo-Moholo</a>. Smith also returned to <a href="spotify:search:label%3A%22ECM%22">ECM</a> along with <a href="spotify:artist:3SONlwqLIP2GtaMh9pLYe5">Bill Frisell</a> as <a href="spotify:artist:47hexMV8ZbDWZ9MSwSWD50">Andrew Cyrille</a>'s sideman on Lebroba.

In early 2019, Smith released Rosa Parks: Pure Love, An Oratorio of Seven Songs on Tum. In April, he debuted it The Kitchen in New York City with four ensembles including Diamond Voices, the strings-only RedKoral Quartet, the Blue Trumpet Quartet, and the Janus Duo. The acclaimed performance also included video and butoh dance. In 2020, Smith and electronic composer/multi-instrumentalist <a href="spotify:artist:3Pk4I8PwWpntpYDMdXWqwM">Barry Schrader</a> released the long-form digital single Pacific Light and Water/Wu Xing: Cycle of Destruction. In April 2021, Smith, drummer <a href="spotify:artist:4U6clFEHqqGtTM89DZpJ9u">Mike Reed</a>, and Jamaican born multi-instrumentalist <a href="spotify:artist:0F9HPqVajOYYesnK3qNBax">Douglas R. Ewart</a> issued the completely improvised Sun Beans of Shimmering Light.

TUM, Smith's European label home, commemorated the trumpeter/composer's 80th birthday with volumes of unreleased material. They ranged from the multi-disc solo outing Trumpet, to trios with <a href="spotify:artist:21onGb3BOI7oP9wwNetyyu">Milford Graves</a> and <a href="spotify:artist:5RISqKCcrhGITX2TQAPGPL">Bill Laswell</a> (Sacred Ceremonies) and <a href="spotify:artist:27DeRe5LjIt9ZPXUjF90h6">Vijay Iyer</a> and <a href="spotify:artist:7rDjbKTLlpNYJRWMm7QVxU">Jack DeJohnette</a> (A Love Sonnet for Billie Holiday), to The Chicago Symphonies with his Great Lakes Quartet. The following year, Tum concluded their celebration with the seven-disc String Quartets Nos. 1-12 and Emerald Duets. ~ Thom Jurek, Rovi